Americans are facing higher costs today in almost every area of life — health insurance, groceries, housing and more. So it’s understandable that Bankrate’s 2024 Annual Savings Report shows 27% of U.S. adults have no emergency savings at all — and a further 29% don’t have enough saved to cover three months of expenses.
Whether you’re building an emergency fund from scratch or trying to add to a small sum you’ve already managed to save, it can be hard going. We’re going to take a look at why your emergency fund matters … and how to use the 1-3-6 framework to build yours.
Why build an emergency fund?
An emergency fund is an easy-to-access cash reserve that should be used only for urgent unexpected costs. This might include out-of-pocket medical expenses, car or appliance repairs, funeral expenses or salary replacement if you’re laid off from your job.
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Your emergency fund lets you handle these expenses without being forced to turn to racking up high-interest debt. It also gives you peace of mind: Bankrate found that “not having enough emergency savings” is a source of financial stress for 59% of Americans.
Having that money in the bank also lets you:
- Build wealth, as you won’t need to turn to other sources for urgent cash. For example, if you don’t have an emergency fund, you might end up taking a “hardship withdrawal” from your 401(k).
- Get closer to a big goal, whether that’s financial independence, early retirement or taking a career sabbatical.
- Keep life running smoothly so you can afford to replace your washer if it breaks or get your car repaired quickly.
You need an emergency fund even if you have insurance. As Curran Clark, a co-founder at ContractorNerd, explains, “Most insurance policies include a deductible — and this can be surprisingly high. The average deductible for employer-sponsored health plans in the U.S. was $1,735 in 2023. Without an emergency fund, one unexpected medical event could plunge you deep into credit card debt or push you into taking out a high-interest loan.”
Why use the 1-3-6 method for building your emergency fund?
The 1-3-6 method is a practical, realistic way to build your emergency fund — even if you don’t have much money to spare each month.
With this method, your end goal is to have six months of expenses covered (according to Bankrate, 63% of Americans say this is the minimum they’d need to feel comfortable). But each separate milestone is a real achievement, so you can focus on building your emergency fund in a steady, sustainable way.
One month of living expenses
Your first goal in the 1-3-6 emergency fund method is to get together one month of expenses. Here’s how to do it:
Step 1: Work out how much you need
To know when you’ve reached your goal, you need to first know what your essential spending is each month. That will likely include:
- Housing costs (rent, mortgage, home insurance)
- Transportation (car payment, car insurance, fuel)
- Food
- Utilities (electricity, gas, water)
- Communications (cellphone, internet access)
If you have a partner, work out your joint costs. If you have a family, you may have additional expenses, such as daycare.
Step 2: Set up a bank account for your emergency fund — and start adding to it regularly
You should have a separate bank account for your emergency fund so you don’t dip into it accidentally. Jonathan Feniak, general counsel at LLC Attorney, recommends using a high-yield savings account to get a higher interest rate but maintain fast access to your cash.
He also recommends setting up automatic transfers from your main checking account to your emergency fund.
You can take as long as you need to build your emergency fund. Let’s say your fixed expenses are $2,400 per month. By putting away just $200 a month, you’d have a full month of emergency savings after a year.
Step 3: Work on decreasing high-interest debt
Don’t try to eliminate debt before building your emergency fund. If you do this, you could quickly find yourself back in debt — emergencies that crop up could throw you off track.
Instead, try to tackle any high-interest debts (like credit cards and personal loans) alongside building your emergency fund.
Even if you can’t pay this debt off rapidly, make sure you’re at least covering the minimum amount required by the lenders. As Kathryn MacDonell, CEO at Trilby Misso Lawyers, points out, “The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) ensures that no individual is imprisoned for the nonpayment of debt, including personal credit card debt. However, you can still be sued for the nonpayment, and any court order related to that lawsuit you don’t comply with can result in your arrest.”
Three months of living expenses
Once you have a full month of expenses in your emergency fund — congratulations! — the next phase of the 1-3-6 method of building and managing your fund focuses on saving three months’ worth of expenses. This gives you enough money to cover a period of unemployment or to handle a high, unexpected bill.
Don’t be discouraged if this stage takes a while. Keep putting money into your emergency fund, ideally through an automated transfer, with each paycheck.
You might also look at ways to:
- Reduce discretionary spending (such as eating lunch out or buying new clothes) so you can divert more money into your emergency fund.
- Reduce your fixed monthly expenses (e.g. cutting your grocery bill). This not only lets you build your emergency fund faster, it reduces the total amount you need to save.
As you build your emergency fund, don’t forget about saving for retirement. Most Americans do this through a 401(k) plan provided by their employer. But if you’re self-employed (more than 10% of the American workforce is), you can still get a 401(k).
Rob Gold, VP of marketing communications at Intermedia, explains, “A self-employed individual can invest in retirement plan accounts like a solo 401(k) that allow you to take advantage of pre-tax contributions, eventually lowering your individual tax bill. Not only do you get more money for retirement, but lower taxes allow you to allocate more money to building your emergency fund.”
Six months of living expenses
The final phase of the 1-3-6 method involves building an emergency fund to cover six months’ worth of expenses, gradually allocating money to both your emergency fund and investment plans.
Once you’ve reached this goal, you’ll have more financial freedom — and you’ll open up choices and opportunities. For instance, if you’re laid off, you’ll have a cushion of money to buy you the time you need to find a job that’s a great fit for you. You won’t need to settle for the first job you can get.
If you don’t have an emergency fund, the sooner you start to build one, the better.
Even if you can put just $10 or $20 each week into your emergency fund to begin with, you’ll soon be in a better position to cover unexpected bills — and you’ll be well on your way to having your first month’s worth of expenses covered.
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This article was written by and presents the views of our contributing adviser, not the Kiplinger editorial staff. You can check adviser records with the SEC or with FINRA.
Based in New York, Stephen Freeman is a Senior Editor at Trending Insurance News. Previously he has worked for Forbes and The Huffington Post. Steven is a graduate of Risk Management at the University of New York.